The trends of Staphylococcus aureus antibiotics resistance in Iraq: A narrative review

Nawfal R. Hussein; Masood Ahmed Hameed; Qusay Nawaf Resho

doi:10.59786/bmtj.226

Authors

Nawfal R. Hussein Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Zakho, Zakho, 42002, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7813-9198
Masood Ahmed Hameed Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Zakho, Zakho, 42002, Iraq https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3883-3590
Qusay Nawaf Resho Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Zakho, Zakho, 42002, Iraq https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8398-9992

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59786/bmtj.226

Keywords:

Staphylococcus aureus, Antibiotic resistance

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major human pathogen that is able to develop resistance to multiple antibiotics with significant challenges in clinical treatment. The aims of this paper were to summarize the current understanding of S. aureus resistance to various antibiotic classes in Iraq, highlighting mechanisms of resistance, prevalence rates, and the need for further research. We conducted a narrative review using thematic approach to investigate the antibiotic sensitivity of S. aureus through searching two websites PubMed and Google Scholar. S. aureus resists β-lactam antibiotics through low-affinity PBP2a or β-lactamases. High resistance rates were observed in Iraq, with BlaZ gene sequences showing 100% similarity to those in other countries, suggesting a common origin or spread of genetic variants. Reports from Iraq revealed a high MRSA carriage rate among healthcare workers and the general community. Vancomycin resistance, mediated by vanA and vanB genes, has been reported globally. In Iraq, an 8% prevalence of VRSA was observed. Regarding MLS-B, tetracycline, and quinolone resistance, limited data from Iraq about the sensitivity pattern of these antibiotics is available. The available data are limited, highlighting significant gaps in understanding the full scope of resistance patterns. The high prevalence of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus in Iraq underscores the urgent need for comprehensive studies with international collaboration to develop effective public health strategies and improve antibiotic stewardship programs in Iraq.

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